PDFCreator es un programa que te permite realizar conversiones de archivos a PDF. A la inversa también es posible, ya que PDFCreator cambia las extensiones de los archivos PDF para que sean JPEG, PNG u otro tipo de formato de imagen legible.
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, PDFCreator sirve para crear PDFs a partir de otro tipo de archivos como los JPEG, los PNG o los TIFFs incluso. En el caso de que necesites convertir archivos PDF a otro tipo de formato, también podrás hacerlo con PDFCreator, ya que nos sirve para hacer el mismo proceso pero a la inversa.
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Es un programa muy versátil que nos ayudará en todo momento a realizar aquella tarea que necesitemos a la hora de procesar nuestros documentos. Su rapidez y sencillez a la hora de usarlo lo hacen uno de los mejores programas para las conversiones de documentos y archivos de toda índole.
Una vez tengas claro esto, deberás iniciar la descarga del programa. Cuando lo hayas hecho, busca en tu disco duro la localización del archivo y haz doble clic en él. Esto hará que se ejecute el programa y que te aparezca el instalador. Sigue todas las instrucciones que veas en pantalla y ya tendrás PDFCreator instalado en tu ordenador.
También podemos convertir archivos desde el menú contextual de Windows (el que aparece cada vez que das clic derecho sobre un archivo). Ahí, tendremos la opción de convertir con PDFCreator y si le damos, nos aparecerá de nuevo la ventana de conversión anterior para realizar el proceso descrito anteriormente.
Pincha para que aparezca la caja de Guardar archivo y una vez descargado, ejecútalo. Después haz doble click para abrirlo. El programa te avisará de que necesita establecer PDF Creator como impresora predeterminada, porque lo que hace en la práctica es 'imprimir' un documento en formato PDF. Pulsa Aceptar.
About 12% to 60% of the applied stress is used to exceed frictional force.2 This may require an excessive increase of the stress used in orthodontics, causing damage to supporting structures (2-4). Since the ligation method produces highly significant differences in friction, several modifications of brackets to control ligation stress and reduce friction, between archwire and slot have been created, integrating ligation systems such as the self-ligating brackets (5).
Despite prior studies have confirmed that self-ligating brackets generate less friction, during the alignment and leveling stage, compared to conventional brackets (1,6-8), sufficient evidence has not been found to assure that passive self-ligating brackets generate less friction that conventional brackets, during sliding mechanics at the space closure stage, when square and rectangular arches are used to increase contact area, then, it is assumed that it could increase such friction resistance(8).
The area from the second premolar to the second molar (posterior area), and between incisors and canines (anterior area) were consolidated with a continuous metal ligature under the arch. A stainless-steel archwire (0.019-inch x 0.025-inch) (Ormco, Orange, Calif) was inserted with pre-welded posts on the mesial side of the upper canines. The system delivered a stress of 100 g per side with NiTi 13-mm closed springs (Ormco, Orange, Calif), spreaded out from the first molar hook, and ligated to the pre-welded post with metal ligature.
Computer assisted design (CAD) of the closure systems were constructed using the SOLID-EDGE ST6 software, from pictures taken with stereomicroscope (Nikon Smz 1000) of passive self-ligating, conventional brackets (Minidiamond slot 0.022-inch x 0.028-inch) and stainless-steel 0.019-inch x 0.025-inch arch wire (Ormco, Orange, Calif) with pre-welded posts on the mesial side of canines.
Friction has been defined as the resistance to movement when an object is tangentially moved against another object, and it does it in a direction contrary to the displacement (2-4,6,8,20). As teeth move during an orthodontic treatment, frictional resistance occurs, impeding dental movement. It has been proven that the ligation method produces significant differences in the resulting friction (6). Several in-vitro studies have affirmed that friction in passive self-ligating brackets is lower that the conventionally ligated brackets (7,21-23); then, the most common thing to imply is that passive self-ligation improves clinical efficiency in movement mechanics. However, in this FEM-based study, a difference of 0.17 mm was found in the amount of space closure between passive self-ligating brackets and conventionally ligated brackets, which is not a clinically significant finding. This is consistent with clinical studies that compared the passive space closure, the passive space closure in a stage, and distalization of canines, between the types of brackets (24). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in the movement efficiency. However, a systematic review (8) indicated that self-ligating brackets may generate less frictional force with rectangular arches, improving the movement efficiency, during a space closure.
Friction generated in the bracket/arch wire interface tends to prevent expected movement. Ligation method is an important contributor to such friction force 4 and results in highly significant differences (5). During this study, it was found that friction in the bracket/archwire interface of conventionally ligated brackets was 36.5% stronger than in passive self-ligating brackets, which is consistent with previous results (3).
Several studies have found that if the archwire increases in size, also the frictional resistance increases (6,26). The main reason can be attributed to an increase of wire rigidity and contact surfaces (27). This study included space closure in both bracket systems, with a 0.019-inch x 0.025-inch steel arch; a stronger friction resistance was found in conventionally ligated brackets; this allows concluding that frictional resistance directly depends on the type of ligation and the type of bracket, much more than on the arch wire caliber. These results are contrary to previous results that reported no significant differences in frictional resistance between conventional brackets and passive self-ligating brackets, when combined with 0.019-inch x 0.025-inch rectangular wires (28). In a systematic review was concluded that passive self-ligating brackets combined with rectangular arches show less friction that conventionally ligated brackets (8). This study showed that rectangular arches, with a wider caliber, present the highest frictional resistance found in conventionally ligated brackets compared to passive self-ligating brackets. However, these results should be seen with precaution, because functional and environmental factors of the mouth have an influence on the movement mechanics (7). Food impacts during the mastication cause arch flexure and release of the bracket/archwire junction, which facilitates dental movement. It has also been observed that humidity conditions within the oral environment decrease frictional resistance (29). Therefore, in vivo, it is more likely to assume that the force required to release friction, it could be lower than the one measured in laboratory experiments. This research clarifies that frictional force in conventionally ligated brackets is directly related to elastic modules, which lose about 50% of initial force, within the first 24 hours, and then a decrease of 30% to 40% occurs, after four weeks (7). Hence, if the finite-element method has been widely applied to dental biomechanics (19), it should be considerate before making clinical decisions.
During this research, it was found that the strongest stresses in bone were seen in the conventionally ligated system with respect to the passive self-ligating system; this can be associated to the stronger frictional resistance seen in this system that will have a direct impact on the stresses supported by the osseous tissue.
Marketing Director in New York via San Francisco and Manila. Anna Liza is a trained architect and inspired by technology. A fan of traveling, slow food movement, and summers in Maine with her kids. She has been with Microsol since 2004.
Aunque se pueden encontrar muchas herramientas de software para reproducir videos en el escritorio o en dispositivos portátiles, los beneficios de las plataformas de código abierto siempre se califican como muy altos. No importa si trabajas con Linux, Mac o si utilizas la plataforma Windows, siempre puedes tener una herramienta de software de código abierto que te ayude a reproducir todos los formatos de archivos multimedia con facilidad. El siguiente artículo contiene detalles sobre los 10 principales profesionales recomendados de código abierto los mejores reproductores de video gratis para PC que son compatibles con los dispositivos Mac, Windows y Linux.
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